Indirect cooling:

This form of heat exchange employs so-called heat sinks (usually alloy plates) that absorb heat from the car, inverter or battery cells, normally transferring it to the coolant pumped around the system.

Direct cooling:

Heat is dissipated through direct contact of the lubricant with the individual battery cells.
This solution represents the future (one that’s already present in some applications). This is because:

• It mproves heat exchange by enabling a reduction in the volume of fluids to be cooled;
• It enhances efficiency;
• It allows ultra-fast battery charging;
• Tests show that battery life expectancies are superior.

For example, in the Tesla, cooling of the motor, inverter and batteries is entrusted to a single circuit which, if necessary, can obtain thermal energy from the air conditioning system.

There are also products available on the market with very low viscosity, meaning they’re very fluid and thus favour cooling. The degree of viscosity chosen for Pakelo Ektron, on the other hand, has been made to favour enhanced protection for gears and bearings. That’s why the product is more viscous than other products in the same category.

Micro Hybrid

the name is somewhat of a misnomer because they don’t have electric motors – only an ICE (Internal Combustion Engine) – and a starter motor connected to an additional battery that exploits the Start & Stop system to store electrical energy. Fuel efficiency is improved by 5-10% compared to a classic internal combustion engine.

MHEV: Mild Hybrid Electric Vehicle.

This contains both an internal combustion engine and an electric motor, which supports the conventional engine. The electric motor starts in situations when fuel consumption is higher, such as starting the car. The battery cannot be charged using an external socket, but is charged using what’s called regenerative braking. Fuel efficiency is improved by 20-30%.

FHEV: Full Hybrid Electric Vehicle or simply Hybrid.

These contain both an internal combustion and electric motor that work in tandem yet autonomously based on driving conditions. The electric motor starts when driving conditions are most efficient. They don’t have external charging sockets. Fuel efficiency is improved by 30-50%.

PHEV: Plug-in Hybrid Electric Vehicle.

These are equipped with a lower powered internal combustion engine and an electric motor connected to a battery that recharges both during braking and via a power socket. It has the advantage of improved range when compared to other hybrids working in electric-only mode.

E-REV: Extended Range Electric Vehicles.

have an auxiliary power unit and are classed as a form of PHEV. These are hybrid cars but the driving force is provided exclusively by an electric motor, while the internal combustion engine (or fuel cells) are used solely to charge the battery.

BEV: Battery Electric Vehicle.

Here we enter the domain of all-electric cars (e-mobility). They're powered exclusively by batteries and have no internal combustion engine.

FCEV: Fuel Cell Electric Vehicle.

These are vehicles that use hydrogen and oxygen to convert chemical into electrical energy by means of fuel cells that then recharge the batteries.